Author: 101translations

Communication is one of the biggest challenges for people with significant levels of intellectual disability, who often struggle to express their needs and wants in language.

However, researchers and educators have found that using signing to support speech, and sometimes written words, can make a big difference.

Developed in the UK, the Makaton system of signing is taught to people with intellectual challenges, who can use a series of signs to get their message across, in combination with spoken language. Similar signing systems include Lámh (meaning ‘hand’) which was developed in Ireland. The signs are focused primarily on a vocabulary for essential needs, such as ‘eat’ or ‘drink’ or ‘sleep’, but can also help people to communicate their emotions, with signs for ‘sad’, ‘happy’, and so on.  

Makaton, like related signing systems from different countries, is not a fully developed sign language, like sign language for people with deafness, but it does use some of the same signs, so different regions have dialectal differences, and there is no universal vocabulary.

Photo Source: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-man-in-a-white-coat-holding-a-piece-of-paper-ysYZzGKlz48

Speech that involves using a mixture of languages is known as ‘macaronic’. There are lots of examples of these from all over the world, including both spoken and written language, generally from cultures in which bilingualism is common. They include: medieval European texts that mixed Latin (then a lingua franca for the educated and for commerce and diplomacy) with a variety of vernacular languages; spoken and written language in Ireland and Scotland until the mid-nineteenth century; and languages spoken in swathes of Latin America until the present

The term ‘macaronic’ comes from a 15th century Paduan word ‘maccarona’, referring to a kind of dumpling eaten by the poorer classes at the time, presumably a verbal sneer at those seen as being less educated. This word can be found in the Italian ‘maccheroni’, a food eaten by the poor, but also in the much more refined French sweets ‘macarons‘‘.

Modern writers and singers still employ macaronic speech in their literature and music, notably Talking Heads with their 1977 hit Psycho Killer. 

You’ve probably engaged in macaronic speech yourself, perhaps referring to ‘having a siesta’ or ‘enjoying some dolce far niente’ or sighing something along the lines of, ‘Well, you know, c’est la vie…’

Photo Source: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-group-of-friends-at-a-coffee-shop–uHVRvDr7pg

You may have come across yodelling in the song ‘The Lonely Goatherd’ from the musical The Sound of Music, but did you know that yodelling originally developed as an important mode of communication in the high and often isolated mountain communities of the European Alps? Or that forms of yodelling are found in many cultures all over the world?

Yodelling is a type of singing that involves rapid and repeated changes of pitch. The form with which most people are familiar was developed in the Alps by herders calling to their flocks, and communicating with one another across considerable distances, not unlike the Turkish ‘bird language’ of which we wrote some time ago. 

Yodelling also features widely in folk music from this region and crossed the Atlantic with European migrants to become an integral part of many different types of folk music in the Americas too. By the 1830s, Alpine yodelling – performed by both white and Black entertainers – was an established form of music-hall entertainment, popularised further after the birth of the film industry in the early twentieth century. 

The world record for yodelling is still held by Canadian Donn Reynolds, who yodelled for seven hours and twenty-nine minutes in 1976 in a feat that would surely have impressed the lonely goatherds of yore. 

Photo Source: https://www.meetsalzburg.com/en/plan-your-event/social-side-programmes/yodeling-lesson/

Many people around the world live with hearing absence or loss, and clearly they have a very different relationship with language than those who can hear. 

A question that hearing people often ask about those who are born without hearing is ‘What language do they think in?’

We all think using a combination of images, words and feelings, but those of us who’ve grown up hearing use language as an integral part of our thought process. People born without hearing, who have never heard spoken speech, generally think in a predominately visual way, with images and, often, word signs or moving lips.

The thought processes of people with acquired deafness are different again. Depending on what age they were when they stopped hearing, they may still think using spoken language, but will tend to use a larger number of visuals the longer they have spent in silence.

Maybe magic isn’t real, but that hasn’t stopped people from cultures all over the world from doing their very best to cast magical spells.

The specialised use of language in the form of incantations is at the heart of most magical practice. An incantation is typically a specific arrangement of words that might be chanted, spoken or sung, often in the context of highly ritualised behaviours.

Specific ‘magical’ words are thought to have special powers; often these are words that would sound nonsensical in another context – think ‘abracadabra’ or ‘shazam’. In cultural contexts in which magic and incantations are taken seriously, these special words may be kept secret from the general population, passed down along formal or family lines to the practitioners of magic.

Photo Source: https://tinyurl.com/3vf4pwf2

In India, social class and particularly the caste system have had a profound impact on how people talk. Sanskrit was the language of the Brahmins, the highest caste, representing purity and religious authority. Consequently, to retain privilege, access to Sanskrit education was restricted. Lower castes instead spoke vernacular languages and dialects that were viewed as less prestigious. When the British colonised India, English became a new elite language, as it has remained to the present. In India, a good knowledge of English is required for upward social mobility, and families that are ambitious for their children often prioritise access to English-language education to help them have bright futures.

Photo Source: https://www.ikan.com/indian-people-friendly-and-acceptable-of-foreigners 

The Mormon faith has a special place in the history of the United States, and a significant missionary presence around the world. But did you know about the Mormon alphabet? Between 1847 and 1854, George D Watt, under the leadership of Brigham Young – the second president of the Church of Latter-day Saints – developed a new script, known as the Deseret alphabet, in response to the religiously-informed view that all aspects of life needed reform. The alphabet was intended to be a more phonetically accurate replacement for the Latin alphabet in English, and a stepping stone towards returning to the ‘pure language’ the Mormons believed to have been spoken prior to the construction of the Tower of Babel.  Despite considerable effort and expense, the Deseret alphabet was never widely adopted, although in recent years its character set has been encoded in the Unicode standard.

Photo Source: https://www.omniglot.com/writing/deseret.htm

In arid climates, oases are vital sources of water, and major hubs of biodiversity. All sorts of bird, animal and plant life find water and nourishment there, and many oases are home to unique ecosystems and localised species. But did you know that they are very important hubs of cultural and linguistic diversity too? Languages, dialects and unique cultural traditions tend to cluster around the oases where human beings also make their homes. In Algeria, for example, oases harbour at least 552 plant and 98 mammal species, and are also home to twelve distinctive ethnic populations, each of which has its own language.

Photo Source:

https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghardaia

Until 1956, when American Andrew Foster introduced American Sign Language (ASL) to Africa, the only deaf schools in Africa were in Egypt and South Africa. Foster worked for three decades, until his death in 1986, to promulgate the use of sign language across the continent. Local variations emerged, including Ghanaian Sign Language and Nigerian Sign Language, both dialects of ASL. This still-developing field is sure to throw up many more fascinating dialectal differences, as the education of the deaf continues to improve in Africa. 

Photo Source: 

https://www.zikoko.com/life/sign-language-is-important-and-heres-why-you-should-learn-it/